## Class Probability

• public class Probability
extends Object
Custom tailored numerical integration of certain probability distributions.

Implementation:

Some code taken and adapted from the Java 2D Graph Package 2.4, which in turn is a port from the Cephes 2.2 Math Library (C). Most Cephes code (missing from the 2D Graph Package) directly ported.
Version:
0.91, 08-Dec-99
• ### Field Summary

Fields
Modifier and Type Field Description
protected static double big
protected static double biginv
protected static double LOGPI
protected static double MACHEP
protected static double MAXGAM
protected static double MAXLOG
protected static double MINLOG
protected static double[] P0
COEFFICIENTS FOR METHOD normalInverse() *
protected static double[] P1
protected static double[] P2
protected static double[] Q0
protected static double[] Q1
protected static double[] Q2
protected static double SQRTH
protected static double SQTPI
• ### Constructor Summary

Constructors
Modifier Constructor Description
protected  Probability()
Makes this class non instantiable, but still let's others inherit from it.
• ### Method Summary

All Methods
Modifier and Type Method Description
static double beta​(double a, double b, double x)
Returns the area from zero to x under the beta density function.
static double betaComplemented​(double a, double b, double x)
Returns the area under the right hand tail (from x to infinity) of the beta density function.
static double binomial​(int k, int n, double p)
Returns the sum of the terms 0 through k of the Binomial probability density.
static double binomialComplemented​(int k, int n, double p)
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 through n of the Binomial probability density.
static double chiSquare​(double v, double x)
Returns the area under the left hand tail (from 0 to x) of the Chi square probability density function with v degrees of freedom.
static double chiSquareComplemented​(double v, double x)
Returns the area under the right hand tail (from x to infinity) of the Chi square probability density function with v degrees of freedom.
static double errorFunction​(double x)
Returns the error function of the normal distribution; formerly named erf.
static double errorFunctionComplemented​(double a)
Returns the complementary Error function of the normal distribution; formerly named erfc.
static double gamma​(double a, double b, double x)
Returns the integral from zero to x of the gamma probability density function.
static double gammaComplemented​(double a, double b, double x)
Returns the integral from x to infinity of the gamma probability density function:
static double negativeBinomial​(int k, int n, double p)
Returns the sum of the terms 0 through k of the Negative Binomial Distribution.
static double negativeBinomialComplemented​(int k, int n, double p)
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 to infinity of the Negative Binomial distribution.
static double normal​(double a)
Returns the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function, integrated from minus infinity to x (assumes mean is zero, variance is one).
static double normal​(double mean, double variance, double x)
Returns the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function, integrated from minus infinity to x.
static double normalInverse​(double y0)
Returns the value, x, for which the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function (integrated from minus infinity to x) is equal to the argument y (assumes mean is zero, variance is one); formerly named ndtri.
static double poisson​(int k, double mean)
Returns the sum of the first k terms of the Poisson distribution.
static double poissonComplemented​(int k, double mean)
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 to Infinity of the Poisson distribution.
static double studentT​(double k, double t)
Returns the integral from minus infinity to t of the Student-t distribution with k > 0 degrees of freedom.
static double studentTInverse​(double alpha, int size)
Returns the value, t, for which the area under the Student-t probability density function (integrated from minus infinity to t) is equal to 1-alpha/2.
• ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
• ### Field Detail

• #### P0

protected static final double[] P0
COEFFICIENTS FOR METHOD normalInverse() *
• #### Q0

protected static final double[] Q0
• #### P1

protected static final double[] P1
• #### Q1

protected static final double[] Q1
• #### P2

protected static final double[] P2
• #### Q2

protected static final double[] Q2
• #### MACHEP

protected static final double MACHEP
Constant Field Values
• #### MAXLOG

protected static final double MAXLOG
Constant Field Values
• #### MINLOG

protected static final double MINLOG
Constant Field Values
• #### MAXGAM

protected static final double MAXGAM
Constant Field Values
• #### SQTPI

protected static final double SQTPI
Constant Field Values
• #### SQRTH

protected static final double SQRTH
Constant Field Values
• #### LOGPI

protected static final double LOGPI
Constant Field Values
• #### big

protected static final double big
Constant Field Values
• #### biginv

protected static final double biginv
Constant Field Values
• ### Constructor Detail

• #### Probability

protected Probability()
Makes this class non instantiable, but still let's others inherit from it.
• ### Method Detail

• #### beta

public static double beta​(double a,
double b,
double x)
Returns the area from zero to x under the beta density function.
                          x
-             -
| (a+b)       | |  a-1      b-1
P(x)  =  ----------     |   t    (1-t)    dt
-     -     | |
| (a) | (b)   -
0

This function is identical to the incomplete beta integral function Gamma.incompleteBeta(a, b, x). The complemented function is 1 - P(1-x) = Gamma.incompleteBeta( b, a, x );
Parameters:
a - a
b - b
x - x
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### betaComplemented

public static double betaComplemented​(double a,
double b,
double x)
Returns the area under the right hand tail (from x to infinity) of the beta density function. This function is identical to the incomplete beta integral function Gamma.incompleteBeta(b, a, x).
Parameters:
a - a
b - b
x - x
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### binomial

public static double binomial​(int k,
int n,
double p)
Returns the sum of the terms 0 through k of the Binomial probability density.
   k
--  ( n )   j      n-j
>   (   )  p  (1-p)
--  ( j )
j=0

The terms are not summed directly; instead the incomplete beta integral is employed, according to the formula

y = binomial( k, n, p ) = Gamma.incompleteBeta( n-k, k+1, 1-p ).

All arguments must be positive,

Parameters:
k - end term.
n - the number of trials.
p - the probability of success (must be in (0.0,1.0)).
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### binomialComplemented

public static double binomialComplemented​(int k,
int n,
double p)
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 through n of the Binomial probability density.
   n
--  ( n )   j      n-j
>   (   )  p  (1-p)
--  ( j )
j=k+1

The terms are not summed directly; instead the incomplete beta integral is employed, according to the formula

y = binomialComplemented( k, n, p ) = Gamma.incompleteBeta( k+1, n-k, p ).

All arguments must be positive,

Parameters:
k - end term.
n - the number of trials.
p - the probability of success (must be in (0.0,1.0)).
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### chiSquare

public static double chiSquare​(double v,
double x)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the area under the left hand tail (from 0 to x) of the Chi square probability density function with v degrees of freedom.
                                  inf.
-
1          | |  v/2-1  -t/2
P( x | v )   =   -----------     |   t      e     dt
v/2  -       | |
2    | (v/2)   -
x

where x is the Chi-square variable.

The incomplete gamma integral is used, according to the formula

y = chiSquare( v, x ) = incompleteGamma( v/2.0, x/2.0 ).

The arguments must both be positive.

Parameters:
v - degrees of freedom.
x - integration end point.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### chiSquareComplemented

public static double chiSquareComplemented​(double v,
double x)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the area under the right hand tail (from x to infinity) of the Chi square probability density function with v degrees of freedom.
                                  inf.
-
1          | |  v/2-1  -t/2
P( x | v )   =   -----------     |   t      e     dt
v/2  -       | |
2    | (v/2)   -
x

where x is the Chi-square variable. The incomplete gamma integral is used, according to the formula y = chiSquareComplemented( v, x ) = incompleteGammaComplement( v/2.0, x/2.0 ). The arguments must both be positive.
Parameters:
v - degrees of freedom.
x - x
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### errorFunction

public static double errorFunction​(double x)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the error function of the normal distribution; formerly named erf. The integral is
                           x
-
2         | |          2
erf(x)  =  --------     |    exp( - t  ) dt.
sqrt(pi)   | |
-
0

Implementation: For 0 <= |x| < 1, erf(x) = x * P4(x**2)/Q5(x**2); otherwise erf(x) = 1 - erfc(x).

Code adapted from the Java 2D Graph Package 2.4, which in turn is a port from the Cephes 2.2 Math Library (C).

Parameters:
x - the argument to the function.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### errorFunctionComplemented

public static double errorFunctionComplemented​(double a)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the complementary Error function of the normal distribution; formerly named erfc.
  1 - erf(x) =

inf.
-
2         | |          2
erfc(x)  =  --------     |    exp( - t  ) dt
sqrt(pi)   | |
-
x

Implementation: For small x, erfc(x) = 1 - erf(x); otherwise rational approximations are computed.

Code adapted from the Java 2D Graph Package 2.4, which in turn is a port from the Cephes 2.2 Math Library (C).

Parameters:
a - the argument to the function.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### gamma

public static double gamma​(double a,
double b,
double x)
Returns the integral from zero to x of the gamma probability density function.
                x
b       -
a       | |   b-1  -at
y =  -----    |    t    e    dt
-     | |
| (b)   -
0

The incomplete gamma integral is used, according to the relation y = Gamma.incompleteGamma( b, a*x ).
Parameters:
a - the paramater a (alpha) of the gamma distribution.
b - the paramater b (beta, lambda) of the gamma distribution.
x - integration end point.
Returns:
result
• #### gammaComplemented

public static double gammaComplemented​(double a,
double b,
double x)
Returns the integral from x to infinity of the gamma probability density function:
               inf.
b       -
a       | |   b-1  -at
y =  -----    |    t    e    dt
-     | |
| (b)   -
x

The incomplete gamma integral is used, according to the relation

y = Gamma.incompleteGammaComplement( b, a*x ).

Parameters:
a - the paramater a (alpha) of the gamma distribution.
b - the paramater b (beta, lambda) of the gamma distribution.
x - integration end point.
Returns:
result
• #### negativeBinomial

public static double negativeBinomial​(int k,
int n,
double p)
Returns the sum of the terms 0 through k of the Negative Binomial Distribution.
   k
--  ( n+j-1 )   n      j
>   (       )  p  (1-p)
--  (   j   )
j=0

In a sequence of Bernoulli trials, this is the probability that k or fewer failures precede the n-th success.

The terms are not computed individually; instead the incomplete beta integral is employed, according to the formula

y = negativeBinomial( k, n, p ) = Gamma.incompleteBeta( n, k+1, p ). All arguments must be positive,

Parameters:
k - end term.
n - the number of trials.
p - the probability of success (must be in (0.0,1.0)).
Returns:
result
• #### negativeBinomialComplemented

public static double negativeBinomialComplemented​(int k,
int n,
double p)
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 to infinity of the Negative Binomial distribution.
   inf
--  ( n+j-1 )   n      j
>   (       )  p  (1-p)
--  (   j   )
j=k+1

The terms are not computed individually; instead the incomplete beta integral is employed, according to the formula

y = negativeBinomialComplemented( k, n, p ) = Gamma.incompleteBeta( k+1, n, 1-p ). All arguments must be positive,

Parameters:
k - end term.
n - the number of trials.
p - the probability of success (must be in (0.0,1.0)).
Returns:
result
• #### normal

public static double normal​(double a)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function, integrated from minus infinity to x (assumes mean is zero, variance is one).
                            x
-
1        | |          2
normal(x)  = ---------    |    exp( - t /2 ) dt
sqrt(2pi)  | |
-
-inf.

=  ( 1 + erf(z) ) / 2
=  erfc(z) / 2

where z = x/sqrt(2). Computation is via the functions errorFunction and errorFunctionComplement.
Parameters:
a - a
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### normal

public static double normal​(double mean,
double variance,
double x)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function, integrated from minus infinity to x.
                            x
-
1        | |                 2
normal(x)  = ---------    |    exp( - (t-mean) / 2v ) dt
sqrt(2pi*v)| |
-
-inf.


where v = variance. Computation is via the functions errorFunction.
Parameters:
mean - the mean of the normal distribution.
variance - the variance of the normal distribution.
x - the integration limit.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### normalInverse

public static double normalInverse​(double y0)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the value, x, for which the area under the Normal (Gaussian) probability density function (integrated from minus infinity to x) is equal to the argument y (assumes mean is zero, variance is one); formerly named ndtri.

For small arguments 0 < y < exp(-2), the program computes z = sqrt( -2.0 * log(y) ); then the approximation is x = z - log(z)/z - (1/z) P(1/z) / Q(1/z). There are two rational functions P/Q, one for 0 < y < exp(-32) and the other for y up to exp(-2). For larger arguments, w = y - 0.5, and x/sqrt(2pi) = w + w**3 R(w**2)/S(w**2)).

Parameters:
y0 - y
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### poisson

public static double poisson​(int k,
double mean)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the sum of the first k terms of the Poisson distribution.
   k         j
--   -m  m
>   e    --
--       j!
j=0

The terms are not summed directly; instead the incomplete gamma integral is employed, according to the relation

y = poisson( k, m ) = Gamma.incompleteGammaComplement( k+1, m ). The arguments must both be positive.

Parameters:
k - number of terms.
mean - the mean of the poisson distribution.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### poissonComplemented

public static double poissonComplemented​(int k,
double mean)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the sum of the terms k+1 to Infinity of the Poisson distribution.
  inf.       j
--   -m  m
>   e    --
--       j!
j=k+1

The terms are not summed directly; instead the incomplete gamma integral is employed, according to the formula

y = poissonComplemented( k, m ) = Gamma.incompleteGamma( k+1, m ). The arguments must both be positive.

Parameters:
k - start term.
mean - the mean of the poisson distribution.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### studentT

public static double studentT​(double k,
double t)
throws ArithmeticException
Returns the integral from minus infinity to t of the Student-t distribution with k > 0 degrees of freedom.
                                      t
-
| |
-                      |         2   -(k+1)/2
| ( (k+1)/2 )           |  (     x   )
----------------------        |  ( 1 + --- )        dx
-               |  (      k  )
sqrt( k pi ) | ( k/2 )        |
| |
-
-inf.

Relation to incomplete beta integral:

1 - studentT(k,t) = 0.5 * Gamma.incompleteBeta( k/2, 1/2, z ) where z = k/(k + t**2).

Since the function is symmetric about t=0, the area under the right tail of the density is found by calling the function with -t instead of t.

Parameters:
k - degrees of freedom.
t - integration end point.
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error
• #### studentTInverse

public static double studentTInverse​(double alpha,
int size)
Returns the value, t, for which the area under the Student-t probability density function (integrated from minus infinity to t) is equal to 1-alpha/2. The value returned corresponds to usual Student t-distribution lookup table for talpha[size].

The function uses the studentT function to determine the return value iteratively.

Parameters:
alpha - probability
size - size of data set
Returns:
result
Throws:
ArithmeticException - error